Assessment of wind load factors for hurricane-prone regions

We study the issue of whether the wind load factors specified in the ASCE 7–95 Standard for hurricane- prone regions on the one hand and extratropical storm regions on the other are mutually consistent with respect to risk. We consider structures or elements whose design is governed by wind loads and for which wind directionality effects are not significant. We present estimates according to which ASCE 7–95 Standard provisions for wind loads inducing the design strength result in (1) safety levels that are considerably lower for hurricane-prone than for extratropical storm regions, and (2) estimates of mean recurrence intervals of hurricane wind loads inducing the design strength of about 500 y if epistemic uncertainties are neglected, and significantly lower than 500 years otherwise.     

Water Quality for Renal Dialysis

Over 100000 renal failure patients are treated by dialysis in the European Community (EC), and the number is rapidly increasing due to better medical care. The full importance of the quality of water used for renal dialysis is only now being recognized. Aluminium intoxication, first described in the early 1970s, highlighted the need for adequate treatment of water used to prepare dialysate. Other materials harmful to dialysis patients, such as chloramines, may arise as a result of water treatment practice. The paper presents a European-wide assessment of the problems of trace contaminants in dialysis feed water, and examines some contaminant sources in mains water in the light of dialysis water standards and the current treatment techniques available.     

Impact in Scotland of UK and EC Sewage Legislation

The EC Directive (91/271/EEC) concerning urban waste water treatment has far-reaching financial and technological implications for local authorities in Scotland which are responsible for sewerage. Increased capital consent limits and additional financial assistance from central government are essential if the requirements of the legislation are to be met.
Although the Directive is welcomed in general terms, the sections of the legislation dealing with the identification of sensitive waters and the provision of primary treatment for coastal discharges to less sensitive waters are of limited environmental significance in Scotland.
The elimination of sewage sludge disposal at sea will create severe difficulties for Scottish authorities as a high percentage of sewage sludge is currently disposed of at sea. Each of the main alternative disposal options presents environmental, financial and technical problems and, in the case of incineration, the certainty of widespread unpopularity with the public.     

Waste Stabilization Ponds: A Viable Alternative for Small Community Treatment Systems

Waste stabilization ponds are widely used in many European countries, such as France and Germany, for the treatment of wastewater from mainly small communities. There would seem to be no reason why they should not also be a suitable treatment process for populations of under 2000 in the UK. The relative advantages and disadvantages of ponds are compared to other small community treatment systems, such as rotary biological contactors, biological filters and reed-bed systems, particularly in relation to effluent standards with respect to algae, nutrient removal and relative costs.     

绿色建筑评价标准中关于城市微气候的讨论

本文通过比较BREEAM UK New Construction,LEED-NC和GBA China的评估标准,重点研究建筑物对城市微气候的影响。在每个标准中,能源的管理和使用是评估建筑物对微气候影响的最重要部分。在LEED-NC中,评估建筑物微气候的指标百分比相比其他两个占其总指标的最大,其余两个比重相同。     

Are more restrictive food cadmium standards justifiable health safety measures or opportunistic barriers to trade? An answer from economics and public health

In the past, Cd regulations have imposed trade restrictions on foodstuffs from some developing countries seeking to access markets in the developed world and in recent years, there has been a trend towards imposing more rigorous standards. This trend seems to respond more to public and private sectors strategies in some developed countries to create disguised barriers to trade and to improve market competitiveness for their industries, than to scientifically justified health precautions (sanitary and phytosanitary measures) and/or technical barriers to trade acceptable under the Uruguay Round Agreement of the WTO. Applying more rigorous Cd standards in some developed countries will not only increase production costs in developing countries but it will also have a large impact on their economies highly dependent on international agricultural markets. In the current literature there are large uncertainties in the cause-effect relationship between current levels of Cd intakes and eventual health effects in human beings; even the risk of Cd to kidney function is under considerable debate. Recent works on the importance of zinc:Cd ratio rather than Cd levels alone to determine Cd risk factors, on the one hand, and on the declining trends of Cd level in foods and soils, on the other, also indicate a lack of scientific evidence justifying more restrictive cadmium standards. This shows that developing countries should fight for changing and making more transparent the current international structures and procedures for setting sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade.     

关于张拉膜结构设计与施工规定的建议

本文简要介绍了膜结构的特点、发展与现状及中国近年来在膜结构建设方面所取得的成就。目前,国家还没有制定有关膜结构设计与施工的技术标准,本文结合某机场航站楼膜结构工程实际需要,在参阅了大量技术文献及研究成果的基础上,提出了关于张拉膜结构设计与施工规定的一些建议。     

山区农村公路勘察设计有关问题的探讨

本文针对山区复杂的地形、地质与修建高标准道路的突出矛盾,以及出现的高填、深挖、桥跨、隧道多引起的突出问题,结合石柱县农村公路勘察设计的实践,对山区农村公路平纵横设计和相关技术标准掌握问题,通过对石柱六塘至冷水通乡公路、石柱万朝至忠县磨子镇三级公路的勘察工程实践提出笔者的观点和建议。     

现制饮料中微生物污染及其防控措施研究

鲜榨果蔬汁、现磨咖啡、新式茶饮等现制饮料深受消费者的喜爱,然而由于原材料品质把控不严、加工过程操作不规范等,导致现制饮料存在微生物污染的风险。本文综述了我国现制饮料中微生物污染状况及行业监管现状,分析了现制饮料在加工过程中微生物污染的原因,找出关键控制点并提出干预措施,为促进我国现制饮料行业的健康发展提出了建议。     

核查工程质量记录文件 保证强制性标准的实施——混凝土工程材料质量控制的监理手段与方法

本文通过例举混凝土工程质量记录文件中部分材料出厂合格证及进场检验报告、施工试验报告的核查办法及注意事项,为监理人员在施工过程进行材料质量控制,保证有关强制性标准的实施提供了有效的方法及手段。